PyQuery

强大又灵活的网页解析库，如果觉得正则表达式写起来太复杂，BeautifulSoup语法太难记得话。如果你熟悉jQuery的语法，那么PyQuery是你绝佳的选择。

安装：pip3 install pyquery

初始化

字符串初始化

html = '''
<div>
    <ul>
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
print(doc('li'))

输出为：

<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

这个选择器是一个CSS选择器，实现效果和Beautiful Soup里面的CSS选择器效果是一样的。选id的话前面加#，如果选class，前面加.，选标签的话，前面什么也不加。

URL初始化

如果传入一个链接的话，会自动请求链接，并把链接得到的HTML当做参数，传给doc。

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(url='http://www.baidu.com')
print(doc('head'))

文件初始化

可以指定filename，读取文件路径的HTML。

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(filename='demo.html')
print(doc('li'))

基本CSS选择器

html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
print(doc('#container .list li'))

输出结果是：

<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

这个选择方式层层推进的方式进行选择。这里是查找id为container，class为list的li标签。注意中间需要用空格隔开。

查找元素

子元素

find会查找当前元素里面满足CSS选择器的所有元素。

html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
items = doc('.list')
print(type(items))
print(items)
lis = items.find('li')
print(type(lis))
print(lis)

输出结果是：

<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
<ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 
<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

这样就可以实现层层嵌套的选择了。

下面的用法是查找直接子元素。

lis = items.children()
print(type(lis))
print(lis)

也可以对子元素实现CSS选择器。

lis = items.children('.active')
print(lis)

父元素

每一个标签外面只可能有一个父元素，可以通过parent来获取父元素。

html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
items = doc('.list')
container = items.parent()
print(type(container))
print(container)

输出为：

<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>

parents返回所有祖先节点。

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
items = doc('.list')
parents = items.parents()
print(type(parents))
print(parents)

当然也可以对祖先节点加入CSS选择器。

parent = items.parents('.wrap')
print(parent)

兄弟元素

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.list .item-0.active')
print(li.siblings())

输出为：

<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

这里选择器有一点不同的地方在于.item-0后面没有加空格，直接就是.active不加空格表示并列的意思，表示同时包含.item-0和.active的class。

同样的，我们也可以加入CSS选择器。

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.list .item-0.active')
print(li.siblings('.active'))

遍历

这里介绍一下如何对查找的元素进行遍历。

单个元素

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)

输出：

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

多个元素

但是这样只会匹配一个单个元素，如果你要查找多个元素，这样就需要用到item来遍历了。

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
lis = doc('li').items()
print(type(lis))
for li in lis:
    print(li)

输出结果：

<class 'generator'>
<li class="item-0">first item</li>
             
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             
<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

获取信息

获取属性

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
a = doc('.item-0.active a')  #空格表示选择里面的内容，就是a里面的内容
print(a)
print(a.attr('href')) #获取属性
print(a.attr.href)   #这两种方法是一样的，都可以用来获取属性信息

输出为：

<a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a>
link3.html
link3.html

获取文本

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
a = doc('.item-0.active a')
print(a)
print(a.text())

输出为：

<a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a>
third item

获取HTML

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)
print(li.html())

输出为：

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a>

DOM操作

addClass、removeClass

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)
li.removeClass('active')
print(li)
li.addClass('active')
print(li)

输出为：

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-0"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

修改attrs、css

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)
li.attr('name', 'link') #如果没有name属性，会添加name=link，如果本来有name属性，会修改为name=link
print(li)
li.css('font-size', '14px')
print(li)

输出为：

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-0 active" name="link"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-0 active" name="link" style="font-size: 14px"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

remove

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    Hello, World
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
wrap = doc('.wrap')
print(wrap.text())
wrap.find('p').remove() #先用find方法找到p标签，之后用remove移除p标签
print(wrap.text())

输出为：

Hello, World This is a paragraph.
Hello, World

其他DOM方法

http://pyquery.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html

伪类选择器

可以用CSS3的一些伪类选项器，选择一些特定的元素。

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('li:first-child')
print(li)
li = doc('li:last-child')
print(li)
li = doc('li:nth-child(2)') #指定索引顺序，获取第二个元素标签。
print(li)
li = doc('li:gt(2)') #greater than的缩写，获取序号比2大的标签
print(li)
li = doc('li:nth-child(2n)') #获取偶数标签，如果是奇数可以写成2n+1
print(li)
li = doc('li:contains(second)') #获取指定内容的标签
print(li)

输出为：

<li class="item-0">first item</li>
             
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             
<li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>

更多CSS选择器可以查看 http://www.w3school.com.cn/css/index.asp

官方文档

http://pyquery.readthedocs.io/